Wednesday, December 30, 2009

Maple

Hoja
Independence

Prov. 18:21

"Death and life are in the power of the tongue: and they that love it shall eat the fruit thereof."


embedded in the ice
Waikiki at Dusk, Hawaii

Chess:
"Hoja" "Maple Leaf"

PRÓLOGO
No debe confundirse la posibilidad de un código general y permanente, con la posibilidad de leyes. Tal vez la Poética y la Retórica de Aristóteles no sean posibles; pero las leyes existen; escribir es, continuamente, descubrirlas o fracasar. Si estudiamos la sorpresa como efecto literario, o los argumentos, veremos cómo la literatura va transformando a los lectores y, en consecuencia, cómo éstos exigen una continua transformación de la literatura. Pedimos leyes para el cuento fantástico; pero ya veremos que no hay un tipo, sino muchos, de cuentos fantásticos. Habrá que indagar las leyes generales para cada tipo de cuento y las leyes especiales para cada cuento. El escritor deberá, pues, considerar su trabajo como un problema que puede resolverse, en parte, por las leyes generales y preestablecidas, y, en parte, por leyes especiales que él debe descubrir y acatar.

Borges, J. L.; Ocampo, S. y Bioy Casares, A. Antología de la literatura fantástica

RM (Odysseus)

Calypso
Johann Sebastian Bach
 

Alicia Keys
Shrimp

Camaraderie

Prov. 18:13
"He that answereth a matter before he heareth it, it is folly and shame unto him."

 
 Coconut Lime Shrimp
Chess: "Calypso" "Johann Sebastian Bach" "Alicia Keys" "RM" "rum" "shrimp" "Camaraderie"








Op-Ed Contributor

To Save the Planet, Save the Seas

Tamara Shopsin and Jason Fulfor


Published: December 26, 2009
Peterborough, England

FOR the many disappointments of the recent climate talks in Copenhagen, there was at least one clear positive outcome, and that was the progress made on a program called Reducing Emissions From Deforestation and Forest Degradation. Under this program, key elements of which were agreed on at Copenhagen, developing countries would be compensated for preserving forests, peat soils, swamps and fields that are efficient absorbers of carbon dioxide, the primary heat-trapping gas linked to global warming.
This approach, which takes advantage of the power of nature itself, is an economical way to store large amounts of carbon. But the program is limited in that it includes only those carbon sinks found on land. We now need to look for similar opportunities to curb climate change in the oceans.
Few people may realize it, but in addition to producing most of the oxygen we breathe, the ocean absorbs some 25 percent of current annual carbon dioxide emissions. Half the world’s carbon stocks are held in plankton, mangroves, salt marshes and other marine life. So it is at least as important to preserve this ocean life as it is to preserve forests, to secure its role in helping us adapt to and mitigate climate change.
Sea-grass meadows, for example, which flourish in shallow coastal waters, account for 15 percent of the ocean’s total carbon storage, and underwater forests of kelp store huge amounts of carbon, just as forests do on land. The most efficient natural carbon sink of all is not on land, but in the ocean, in the form of Posidonia oceanica, a species of sea grass that forms vast underwater meadows that wave in the currents just as fields of grass on land sway in the wind.
Worldwide, coastal habitats like these are being lost because of human activity. Extensive areas have been altered by land reclamation and fish farming, while coastal pollution and overfishing have further damaged habitats and reduced the variety of species. It is now clear that such degradation has not only affected the livelihoods and well-being of more than two billion people dependent on coastal ecosystems for food, it has also reduced the capacity of these ecosystems to store carbon.
The case for better management of oceans and coasts is twofold. These healthy plant habitats help meet the needs of people adapting to climate change, and they also reduce greenhouse gases by storing carbon dioxide. Countries should be encouraged to establish marine protected areas — that is, set aside parts of the coast and sea where nature is allowed to thrive without undue human interference — and do what they can to restore habitats like salt marshes, kelp forests and sea-grass meadows.
Managing these habitats is far less expensive than trying to shore up coastlines after the damage has been done. Maintaining healthy stands of mangroves in Asia through careful management, for example, has proved to cost only one-seventh of what it would cost to erect manmade coastal defenses against storms, waves and tidal surges.
The discussions in Copenhagen have opened the way for all countries to improve the management of oceans and coasts to harness their immense potential to mitigate climate change — especially over the next decade, while the world’s politicians, scientists and engineers develop longer-term strategies for stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases.
In their continuing negotiations on climate change, nations should now make it a priority to produce a single map of the world that documents all the different types of coastal carbon sinks, and identify the ones that are in most immediate need of preservation. New studies should be undertaken to better understand how best to manage these areas to increase carbon sequestration. Then, following the example of the forests program, it will be possible to establish formulas for compensating countries that preserve essential carbon sinks in the oceans.
We urgently need to bring the ocean into the agenda alongside forests so that, as soon as possible, we can help the oceans to help us.

Dan Laffoley is the marine vice chairman of the World Commission on Protected Areas at the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the principal specialist for marine at Natural England.

"Op"

Flower
Operation
Optimization
Raymond


Heb. 13:21 "Make you perfect in every good work to do his will, working in you that which is wellpleasing in his sight, through Jesus Christ; to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen."



Wildflower, Kings Park, Perth

Chess: "Op" "Operation" "Opera" "Optimization"

Tuesday, December 29, 2009

Material World

Seattle
Valentino
Civilisation
Prov. 18:14

"The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity; but a wounded spirit who can bear?"






Chess: "Civilization"
"Seattle" "Valentino" "secant"



Material World

Down on the Farm, an Endless Cycle of Waste

Brandon Thibodeaux for The New York Times

MILKING IT At Frank Volleman’s dairy in Central Texas some manure is sucked up, dried and used as fertilizer. More Photos >

GUSTINE, Tex. — Day and night, a huge contraption prowls the grounds at Frank Volleman’s dairy in Central Texas. It has a 3,000-gallon tank, a heavy-duty vacuum pump and hoses and, underneath, adjustable blades that scrape the surface as it passes along.

In function it is something like a Zamboni, but one that has crossed over to the dark side. This is no hockey rink, and it’s not loose ice being scraped up. It’s cow manure.

Lots of cow manure. A typical lactating Holstein produces about 150 pounds of waste — by weight, about two-thirds wet feces, one-third urine — each day. Mr. Volleman has 3,000 lactating Holsteins and another 1,000 that are temporarily “dry.” Do the math: his Wildcat Dairy produces about 200 million pounds of manure every year.

Proper handling of this material is one of the most important tasks faced by a dairy operator, or by a cattle feedlot owner, hog producer or other farmer with large numbers of livestock. Manure has to be handled in an environmentally acceptable way and at an acceptable cost. In most cases, that means using it, fresh or composted, as fertilizer. “It’s a great resource, if used properly,” said Saqib Mukhtar, an associate professor of biological and agricultural engineering at Texas A & M University and an expert on what is politely called manure management.

But as the increasing incidence of environmental and health problems linked to agriculture makes clear, when manure is mismanaged the nutrients in it can foul streams, lakes and aquifers; the pathogens in it can contaminate food products; and the gases it produces, including ammonia, methane and bad-smelling volatile compounds, can upset neighbors and pollute the atmosphere.

Even with best practices, manure can cause environmental headaches. So researchers are working on ways to improve its handling, to modify the nutrients in it and to develop alternative uses.

Mr. Volleman, who came to Texas from his native Luxembourg 16 years ago, takes pride in his operation, which produces about 25,000 gallons of milk a day. “It’s all about keeping it clean, keeping it comfortable and producing high quality milk,” he said, adding that what is good for his cows is good for him. “They’re writing my paycheck.”

Dairies differ from feedlots, poultry operations and hog farms in how they handle manure. At a feedlot, for example, manure is often collected only once every six months, after the thousands of fattened cattle have been shipped out. Dairy operators seem like neatniks by comparison, but even among dairies, manure management varies according to location, climate, regulations and other factors.

At a large operation like Mr. Volleman’s, it is the inexorability of excrement, as much as the sheer volume, that defines the waste-handling process. A cow’s digestive system, with its series of forestomachs, is built to handle lots of roughage. And you cannot turn it off.

So among the 40 employees at Wildcat Dairy are some whose main task is to handle the manure, 24 hours a day. They collect it from the huge open-sided barns, which house up to 1,200 cows each. The animals bed down in sand, but there is a concrete alley running the length of each barn for food and others for excrement.

While the cows are at the rotary parlor — a stainless-steel merry-go-round of milking stalls that the Holsteins ride every eight hours around the clock — a worker on a tractor tows the tank-pump contraption up those manure alleys. The worker hops off the tractor as needed to rake solids in the bedding area into the alleys for collection.

When the tank is about half full, the worker drives it to a nearby patch of dirt, opens a valve and spreads — sprays, really — the manure out to dry. Twice a week, the solids are scraped into windrows and then spread on fields as fertilizer.

Even dried, manure contains a lot of water, so it is not economical to truck it very far — beyond about 10 miles, it is cheaper for a farmer to buy inorganic fertilizer. Some dairy producers compost their manure, making it more valuable as fertilizer, but composting costs time and money.

Mr. Volleman’s manure is spread only on his fields and those of nearby farmers. “We bring the manure to their fields, they spread it out to grow crops, we bring the crops back to feed the cows,” he said. “So it’s kind of a circle — a closed circle.”

The liquids in the manure are part of a closed circle as well. Everything at the dairy is sited with gravity in mind, so that all liquids — the runoff from the drying area, wet manure left behind in the alleys, wastewater from the milking parlor and rainwater — drain into the first of three interconnected lagoons that are lined with compacted clay.

The first lagoon is bubbly and dark, with anaerobic bacteria digesting the organic matter to reduce odor. By the third lagoon, the water is clear and dilute enough to be pumped to irrigation equipment on Mr. Volleman’s fields.

But the margin for error in handling both the solids and liquids is thin.

Farmers must plan where and when they spread dried manure, both to avoid odor complaints from downwind neighbors and to avoid overapplying nutrients that may run off in a rainstorm. “It’s like any other business,” Dr. Mukhtar said. “If you’re not keeping track of where your nutrients are going, you may be reapplying those nutrients on the same piece of land. That’s more than the plants can take and the soil can hold.”

One problem, said Robert T. Burns, a professor in the department of agricultural and biosystems engineering at Iowa State University, is that manure typically has more phosphorous than needed. “Manure is an unbalanced fertilizer from the plant’s view,” Dr. Burns said.

Diet modification can help, to some extent. Phosphorous is added to dairy feed as a supplement, and research has shown that it tends to be added in excess, said William P. Weiss, a professor in the animal sciences department at Ohio State University. “You can get good milk and good health at much lower levels,” Dr. Weiss said. “And every gram less they feed is a gram less excreted.”

Nitrogen, on the other hand, comes from protein, and a lactating cow needs to consume a lot of protein. “Decrease it a bit, and then milk production falls off,” Dr. Weiss said.

With nitrogen, the problem is usually not that there is too much, but that much of it is eventually lost from the manure in the form of gaseous ammonia. The bacteria in feces contain an enzyme, urease, that breaks down urea in urine into carbon dioxide and ammonia. As with phosphorous, diet can affect the amount of nitrogen retained in the manure. As corn-based ethanol production has increased in the United States, many dairies and feedlots now give their animals a large amount of so-called distillers’ grains, the waste corn after fermentation, which are plentiful and cheap. A recent study of feedlots in the Texas Panhandle, by scientists with the United States Department of Agriculture, showed that feeding a diet high in distillers’ grains produced significantly higher ammonia emissions from the manure.

Emissions problems can also be reduced by changing how the manure is applied. Tilling the soil immediately after application of dried manure can help reduce odors, Dr. Mukhtar said. And if manure is directly injected into the soil in slurry form, Dr. Burns said, the ammonia can better bind with the soil. Currently in Iowa, a major hog-producing state, about 80 percent of hog manure is injected.

When it comes to the liquid end of things, there are delicate balances to be maintained as well.

Regulations vary by state, but in Texas, manure lagoons have to be big enough to handle a severe rainstorm of the type that occurs, on average, only once every quarter-century. The danger is that an overflow from a lagoon, with its high concentration of organic matter and nutrients, could eventually reach a creek or some other body of water and kill fish.

Mr. Volleman points out that his lagoons, which have a total capacity of 120 acre-feet, or about 40 million gallons, are 20 percent larger than required. “We’ve never overflowed,” he said. And the dairy has berms around its 80 acres to minimize the risk if an overflow occurred.

But not every dairy operator is scrupulous. “There are bad actors in every walk of life,” Dr. Mukhtar said. “Progressive dairy producers will be the first ones to say, ‘Let’s nail their tails to the wall.’ ”

Problems can arise if a dairy adds cows without increasing lagoon capacity, or if a farmer is not careful about controlling the inorganic solids that enter them. Mr. Volleman, for example, used to flush his barns with water instead of vacuuming them. But he found that there was too much sand and other solids entering the lagoons.

Controlling solids is crucial, said Dr. Mukhtar, who has evaluated other methods for doing so, including a “weeping wall” system, manure storage areas with porous walls that filter the solids from the liquids.

Even when solids are controlled, Dr. Mukhtar said, sludge builds up in a lagoon and eventually has to be removed. Neglecting to do so results in less water, and less bacteria, in the mix. “All of a sudden this is not a properly functioning lagoon,” he said. “That’s where we have odor issues.”

Another option is to digest the manure in a tank (or, alternatively, put a cover over a lagoon) to produce gas that can be burned for heat or electricity. Another approach, gasification, heats the manure to collect combustible gases.

Those options, however, are expensive. Even in a good economy, a dairy producer may be reluctant to add costs. And the industry is currently suffering — milk prices are low, producers are losing money and some are going out of business. “Given these times,” Dr. Mukhtar said, “there is really not a whole lot of incentive to do all that.”

Monday, December 28, 2009

diagrama de árbol

Tree Diagram
Doll

MangoTango

 
Prov. 18:12
 

"Before destruction the heart of man is haughty, and before honour is humility."

Barn Tree and Crow - textured

Chess: "MangoTango" "Tree Diagram" "Doll"


Valley of the Dolls is the title of a best selling novel by Jacqueline Susann, published in 1966. It is widely considered one of the most commercially successful novels of all time.[citation needed] The "dolls" within the title is a slang term for downers, mood altering drugs.
Valley of the Dolls was an instant success when it was first published. Since then it has sold more than 30 million copies. As the first roman à clef by a female author to achieve this level of sales in America, it led the way for other authors such as Jackie Collins to depict the private lives of the real-life rich and famous under a veneer of fiction.
In 1967 it was adapted into a dramatic film of the same name which was directed by Mark Robson, and stars Barbara Parkins, Sharon Tate, Patty Duke, and Paul Burke. The novel was adapted again for television in 1981 and in 1994 a late-night, syndicated television soap opera ran for one season using the name and a loose adaptation of the premise.

Saturday, December 26, 2009

Potatoes

Lamborghini
Potatoes
Tractor
Don Pedro
Barrio 
Caterpillar
Back-hoe
 

Prov. 18:11 
 "The rich man's wealth is his strong city, and as an high wall in his own conceit."
Gen.3:15
"And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel."
Luke 1:47
 "And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour."

A pedestrian passes a sculpture showing a soldier and a worker raising a bundle of Chinese yuan notes outside a gallery in Beijing on Thursday.



Christmas Kitties in Holiday Art Decor w/ Tree Lights & Bows


Chess: "Caterpillar" "back-hoe" "Potatoes" "Rosendo" "Lamborghini" "tractor"

Thursday, December 24, 2009

winter Wonderland

Pajarillo Pardo
L'Ecclessia
White Christmas

Col. 3:1-3


"If ye then be risen with Christ, seek those things which are above, where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God. Set your affection on things above, not on things on the earth. For ye are dead, and your life is hid with Christ in God.
"





Winter Wonderland
Chess: "Pajarillo Pardo", "White Christmas" "L'Ecclessia"

Electric Light Orchestra

General Electric
Fair Play
Electric Light Orchestra
ElviraProv.10: 2
"Treasures of wickedness profit nothing: but righteousness delivereth from death. 2non proderunt thesauri impietatis iustitia vero liberabit a morte"
-->





Chess: “Fair Play” "Elctric Light Orchestra" "Elvira"   “General Electric”
Wikipedia dice:

History

In 1876, Ohio-born Thomas Edison opened a new laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Out of the laboratory came arguably one of the most famous inventions of all—a practical incandescent electric lamp. By 1890, Edison had organized his various businesses into the Edison General Electric Company.
In 1879, Elihu Thomson and Edwin J. Houston formed the rival Thomson-Houston Electric Company. It merged with various companies and was later led by Charles A. Coffin, a former shoe manufacturer from Lynn, Massachusetts. Mergers with competitors and the patent rights owned by each company made them dominant in the electrical industry. As businesses expanded, it became increasingly difficult for either company to produce complete electrical installations relying solely on their own technology.
In 1892, these two major companies combined, in a merger arranged by financier J. P. Morgan, to form the General Electric Company, with its headquarters in Schenectady, New York.
In 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly-formed Dow Jones Industrial Average and still remains after 112 years (it is the only one of the original companies remaining on the Dow — though it has not always been in the DOW index).
In 1911 the National Electric Lamp Association (NELA) was absorbed into General Electric's existing lighting business. GE then established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park was the world's first industrial park, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and is still the headquarters for GE's lighting business.
The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was founded by GE in 1919 to further international radio.
General Electric was one of the eight major computer companies through most of the 1960s - with IBM, the largest, called "Snow White" followed by the "Seven Dwarfs": Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA, UNIVAC and GE. GE had an extensive line of general purpose and special purpose computers. Among them were the GE 200, GE 400, and GE 600 series general purpose computers, the GE 4010, GE 4020, and GE 4060 real time process control computers, and the Datanet 30 message switching computer. A Datanet 600 computer was designed, but never sold. It has been said that GE got into computer manufacturing because in the 1950s they were the largest user of computers outside of the United States federal government. In 1970 GE sold its computer division to Honeywell.

God's Glory and Man's Honor

The Holy Bible: King James Version. 2000.
The Psalms
8

God's Glory and Man's Honor
To the chief Musician upon Git'tith, A Psalm of David.

1 O LORD our Lord,

how excellent is thy name in all the earth!
who hast set thy glory above the heavens.
2 Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings Mt. 21.16 hast thou ordained strength

because of thine enemies,
that thou mightest still the enemy and the avenger.
3 When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers,

the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained;
4 what is man, that thou art mindful of him?

and the son of man, that thou visitest him? Job. 7.17, 18 · Ps. 144.3 · Heb. 2.6-8
5 For thou hast made him a little lower than the angels,

and hast crowned him with glory and honor.
6 Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands;

thou hast put all things under his feet: 1 Cor. 15.27 · Eph. 1.22 · Heb. 2.8
7 all sheep and oxen,

yea, and the beasts of the field;
8 the fowl of the air, and the fish of the sea,

and whatsoever passeth through the paths of the seas.
9 O LORD our Lord,

how excellent is thy name in all the earth!

Published by The American Bible Society






Dreamin' of a White Christmas
Congratulations to member ldeiter78, whose digital composition Dreamin of a White Christmas won our most recent Creative Challenge!

Saturday, December 12, 2009

Ophelia

Hamlet
Häagen-Dazs
Copenhagen
Psalm 47:9

"The princes of the people are gathered together, even the people of the God of Abraham: for the shields of the earth belong unto God: he is greatly exalted."
Colorful Copenhagen, Denmark




Chess: "Hamlet" "Häagen Daz" "Copenhagen" "Ophelia"

Insurance

 
"In an airplane the gyroscope is important because it can give positional and directional data to the pilot regardless of G-load or other forces. The gyroscope powers the artificial horizon and the heading indicator, two vital IFR instruments."
Seguro
Gyroscope
Lloyds of London
Psalm 127:1
[[A Song of degrees for Solomon.]] Except the LORD build the house, they labour in vain that build it: except the LORD keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain.

Prov. 18:4
"The words of a man's mouth are as deep waters, and the wellspring of wisdom as a flowing brook."




Chateau d'Oex SWITZERLAND
 Elk, Selway Bitterroot Wilderness, Idaho
Chess: "Seguro" "Lloyds of London" "Gyroscope"
Gyroscope
A mechanical or optical device used to maintain orientation during motion. A mechanical gyroscope consists of a rapidly spinning wheel set in a framework that permits it to tilt freely in any direction or to rotate about any axis. The momentum of such a wheel causes it to retain its attitude when the framework is tilted. An optical gyroscope, laser or fibre, measures the interference pattern generated by two light beams, traveling in opposite directions within a mirrored ring or fibre loop, in order to detect very small changes in motion. Gyroscopes are used in compasses, in automatic pilots on ships and aircraft, in the steering mechanisms of torpedoes, in antiroll equipment on large ships, and in inertial guidance systems.

Background
The gyroscope is a familiar toy that is deceptively simple in appearance and introduces children to several mechanical principles, although they may not realize it. Something like a complex top made of precisely machined metal, the gyroscope is a spinning wheel that may be set within two or more circular frames, each oriented along a different line or axis. The framework can be tilted at any angle, and the wheel—as long as it is spinning—will maintain its position, or attitude.
But the gyroscope is not just a toy. It is a part of many scientific and transportation-related instruments. These include compasses, the mechanisms that steer torpedoes toward their targets, the equipment that keeps large ships such as aircraft carriers from rolling on the waves, automatic pilots on airplanes and ships, and the systems that guide missiles and spacecraft relative to Earth (that is, inertial guidance systems).
The gyroscope consists of a central wheel or rotor that is mounted in a framework of rings. The rings are properly called gimbals, or gimbal rings. Gimbals are devices that support a wheel or other structure but allow it to move freely. The rings themselves are supported on a spindle or axis at one end that, in turn, can be mounted on a base or inside an instrument. The property of the rotor axle to point toward its original orientation in space is called gyroscopic inertia; inertia is simply the property of a moving object to keep moving until it is stopped. Friction against the air eventually slows the gyroscope's wheel, so its momentum erodes away. The axle then begins to wobble. To maintain its inertia, a gyroscope must spin at a high speed, and its mass must be concentrated toward the rim of the wheel.
History
The gyroscope is a popular children's toy, so it is no surprise that its ancestor is the spinning top, one of the world's oldest toys. A single-frame gyroscope is sometimes called a gyrotop; conversely, a top is a frameless gyroscope. In the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries, scientists including Galileo (1564-1642), Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695), and Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) used toy tops to understand rotation and the laws of physics that explain it. In France during the 1800s, the scientist Jean-Bernard-Léon Foucault (1819-1868) studied experimental physics and proved Earth's rotation and explained its effect on the behavior of objects traveling on Earth's surface. In the 1850s, Foucault studied the motions of a rotor mounted in a gimbal frame and proved that the spinning wheel holds its original position, or orientation, in space despite Earth's rotation. Foucault named the rotor and gimbals the gyroscope from the Greek words gyros and skopien meaning "rotation" and "to view."
It was not until the early 1900s that inventors found a use for the gyroscope. Hermann Anschiutz-Kaempfe, a German engineer and inventor, recognized that the stable orientation of the gyroscope could be used in a gyrocompass. He developed the gyrocompass for use in a submersible for undersea exploration where normal navigation and orientation systems are impractical. In 1906, Otto Schlick tested a gyroscope equipped with a rapidly spinning rotor in the German torpedo boat See-bar. The sea caused the torpedo boat to roll 15° to each side, or 30° total; when his gyroscope was operated at full speed, the boat rolled less than 1° total.
In the United States, Elmer Ambrose Sperry (1860-1930)—an inventor noted for his achievements in developing electrical loco-motives and machinery transmissions—introduced a gyrocompass that was installed on the U.S. battleship Delaware in 1911. In 1909, he had developed the first automatic pilot, which uses the gyroscope's sense of direction to maintain the course of an airplane. The Anschiütz Company installed the first automatic pilot—based on a three-frame gyroscope—in a Danish passenger ship in 1916. In that year, the artificial horizon for aircraft was designed as well. The artificial horizon tells the pilot how the airplane is rolling (moving side to side) or pitching (moving front to rear) when the visible horizon vanishes in the clouds or other conditions.
Roll-reduction was needed for ships, too. The Sperry Company had introduced a gyrostabilizer that used a two-frame gyroscope in 1915. The roll of a ship on the ocean makes passengers seasick, causes cargo to shift and suffer damage, and induces stresses in the ship's hull. Sperry's gyrostabilizer was heavy, expensive, and occupied a lot of space on a ship. It was made obsolete in 1925 when the Japanese devised an underwater fin for stabilizing ships.
During the intense development of missile systems and flying bombs before and during World War II, two-frame gyroscopes were paired with three-frame instruments to correct roll and pitch motions and to provide automatic steering, respectively. The Germans used this combination on the V-1 flying bomb, the V-2 rocket, and a pilotless airplane. The V-2 is considered an early ballistic missile. Orbiting spacecraft use a small, gyroscope-stabilized platform for their navigation systems. This characteristic of gyroscopes to remain stable and define direction to a very high degree of accuracy has been applied to gunsights, bombsights, and the shipboard platforms that support guns and radar. Many of these mechanisms were greatly improved during World War II, and the inertial navigation systems that use gyroscopes for spacecraft were invented and perfected in the 1950s as space exploration became increasingly important.
Raw Materials
The materials used to manufacture a gyroscope can range from relatively simple to highly complex depending on the design and purpose of the gyroscope. Some are made more precisely than the finest watch. They may spin on tiny ball bearings, polished flecks of precious gemstones, or thin films of air or gas. Some operate entirely in a vacuum suspended by an electrical current so they touch nothing and no friction develops.
A gyroscope with an electrically powered motor and metal gimbals has four basic sets of components. These are the motor, the electrical components, electronic circuit cards for programmed operation, and the axle and gimbal rings. Most manufacturers purchase motors and electrical and electronic components from subcontractors. These may be stock items, or they may be manufactured to a set of specifications provided to the supplier by the gyroscope maker. Typically, gyroscope manufacturers machine their own gimbals and axles. Aluminum is a preferred metal because of its expansion and strength characteristics, but more sophisticated gyroscopes are made of titanium. Metal is purchased in bulk as bar stock and machined.
Design
Using the electrical and mechanical aspects of gyroscopic theory as their guides, engineers choose a wheel design for the gimbals and select metal stock appropriate for the design. The designs for many uses of gyroscopes are fairly standard; that is, redesign or design of a new line is a matter of adapting an existing design to a new use rather than creating a new product from the most basic beginning. Design does, however, involve observing the most fundamental engineering practices. Tolerances, clearances, and electronic applications are very precise. For example, design of the gimbal wheels and design of the machining for them has a very small tolerance for error; the cross section of a gimbal must be uniform throughout or the gyroscope will be out of balance.

Sunday, December 6, 2009

From Jonah to John

Omega 3
Aureliano Buendía

From wood to gold

Wittgenstein's ladder
Matt. 1:4
"And Aram begat Aminadab; and Aminadab begat Naasson; and Naasson begat Salmon;"
Climbing The Dunes
Climbing The Dunes
Chess: "Omega-3", "Oscars" "Trejos"

self reference to read correctly the relationship between the synoptic Gospels and John


Aureliano Buendía, from Jonah to John : transcending wood (gold), going from the particular(wood) to the Transcendental (gold). From Elizabeth to Mary.


The synoptic Gospels (from the Greek 'syn,' meaning "together," and 'optic,' meaning "seen") are three Gospels in the New Testament the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, and the Gospel of Luke, that display a high degree of similarity ( see also the Gospel according to the Hebrews) in content, narrative arrangement, language, and sentence and paragraph structures. These gospels are also considered by Biblical scholars to share the same point of view. [1] The fourth canonical Gospel, John, differs greatly from these three, as do the Apocryphal gospels. The synoptic gospels are the first three books of the canonical New Testament. The synoptic problem concerns the nature and origin of the literary relationship among these three accounts.


Differences from the Gospel of John

The Gospel of John differs significantly in theme, content, time duration, order of events, and style, reflecting a Christian tradition different from that of the synoptics.[2]

Some differences:

Item Matthew, Mark, Luke John
First event mentioned Jesus' birth (Matthew), Jesus' baptism (Mark), Foretelling of the birth of John the Baptist (Luke) The assertion that the Word of God is God, and has always been God
Authors: according to Early Christian tradition Apostle Matthew; Mark the Evangelist cousin of Barnabas, or Mark, Peter's scribe; and Luke the Evangelist, companion of Paul and brother to Barnabas Apostle John (suggested by Irenaeus first)
Authors: according to contemporary scholarship Depends on scholar and book, authorship of each book is currently in question Authorship in question, possibly written in Ephesus
Virgin birth Mentioned in Matthew, Luke Not explicitly mentioned
Jesus as Son of God... From the time of his birth or baptism
From the time that the universe was created
Description of Jesus Jesus' humanity emphasized in Luke for Gentile audience. Messianic secret, Jesus did not tell the disciples who he was in Mark. Jesus' deity emphasized[3]
Jesus' baptism Described Not Mentioned
Preaching style Brief one-liners; parables Essay format
Jesus teaches as: A sage[citation needed] A philosopher and mystic[citation needed]
Exorcism A main function of his ministry None performed
Jesus Storytelling approach typically Parable Allegorical and Metaphor
Theme of his teaching: Kingdom of God/Heaven[citation needed] Jesus himself. Kingdom of God is a background theme.[citation needed]
Jesus' theology Deviated little from 1st century AD liberal Judaism. Similar to beliefs taught by Hillel the Elder. (eg. "golden rule")[4][5] Largely independent of Judaism and in opposition to much of its teaching.[citation needed]
Response expected from the reader Respond to God's will as expressed in the Mosaic law[citation needed] Respond to Jesus as the definitive expression of God's will or revelation[citation needed]
Involvement with the poor and suffering Focus of his ministry Rarely mentioned
Involvement with Jewish Leadership References to scribes, who are puzzled and angered by Jesus' teachings References to pharisee, specifically Nicodemus.
Miracles performed by Jesus Many "nature miracles", healings, and exorcisms Seven Signs; "nature miracles"; Resurrection of Lazarus
Jesus references to himself Rare Focus of the gospel, including the many "I am" sayings[citation needed]
Duration of ministry 1 year (Events leading up to Passover) 3 years (Multiple Passovers)
Location of ministry Mainly Galilee Mainly Judea, near Jerusalem
Clearing of the money-changers from the Temple Near the end of his ministry Near the start of his ministry
Date of the Last Supper Passover eve Night before Passover eve
Ceremonial event at the Last Supper: Communal meal Foot washing
Who carried the cross? Simon Jesus
Visitors to the tomb on Sunday Mary Magdalene and One or more additional women Mary Magdalene went alone
Who was present in the tomb? One angel or two men Two angels
Burial shroud A single piece of cloth Multiple pieces of cloth, as was the Jewish practice at the time. (John 20:5-7)
Jesus' first post-resurrection appearance to disciples At Emmaus or Galilee Jerusalem

However, the origin of the concept, per se, stems from much earlier: As early as the 4th century, these three books were "seen together with the same eyes", starting with the Church historian Eusebius of Caesarea, who had devised a method that enabled scholars to find parallel texts.

In the 5th century, Augustine of Hippo developed what was later known as the Augustinian hypothesis, which proposed why these three gospels were so similar. In this view, the gospels were written in order of presentation, but that Mark was Matthew's "lackey and abbreviator"[6] and that Luke drew from both sources (see illustration).

This view went unchallenged until the late 18th century[citation needed], when Anton Büsching posited that Luke came first, and Mark conflated Luke and Matthew.

In 1774 Johann Jakob Griesbach published his landmark parallel study, calling it a Synopsis. Over the subsequent years, he developed what became known as the Griesbach hypothesis, and now called the two-gospel hypothesis, or simply "2GH". This hypothesis maintains the primacy of Matthew, but proposes that Luke is directly based on it, while Mark is based on both (see illustration).

Since then, other hypotheses have been proffered in order to deal with the synoptic problem. These hypotheses include the Ur-Gospel hypothesis (1778), the two-source hypothesis (1838, 1863), Farrer hypothesis (1955), the Lindsey hypothesis (1963), Jerusalem School hypothesis (1973), and the Logia Translation hypothesis (1998).[7]

The widely accepted modern scholastic understandings (the two-source and four-source hypotheses) agree[citation needed] that Mark's Gospel was the first written, and published in Rome in the early 70s AD (see Gospel of Mark). This Gospel was independently available, along with other verbal traditions, to Matthew and Luke, both of whom wrote in the 80's or 90's.[8][9]

Yet other material is common to Luke and Matthew that is absent from Mark. The name given to this material is Q document, abbreviated to Q (see illustration).

The question of the origin of the remainder of the content of each of the latter two synoptic Gospels remains an open one, yet the name commonly given to sources unique to these authors is L for Luke, or M for Matthew. In the culture at the time, it was very common for communities to preserve and pass on important stories and evidence by word of mouth from person to person.[citation needed]

Dating

Scholars generally date the synoptic gospels as having been written after the epistles of Paul and before the gospel according to John, thus between 60 and 115 AD.[10] As to the specific dates for each book, this largely depends on (or supports) the particular hypothesis used to account for the books' textual relationship.

A student of Polycarp, a disciple of John, wrote that Polycarp taught that Matthew wrote his Gospel first, Mark wrote Peter’s Teachings, Luke wrote Paul’s teachings and John wrote his last. Papias, also a disciple of John, confirms the order of the writing.

Clement I wrote that Mark wrote the teachings of Peter and when Peter learned of it, he gave it his blessing.


Taken from Wikipedia