Defensa
Defense
Fencing
Femur
Thighbone
Fence
Matthew 7:12
“Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets.”
"We have seen how the Church emerged from this welter of barbarism."~~~G. G. Coulton
"The palace stood on an eminence raised about thirty paces above the surface of the lake."~~~Samuel Johnson
Emily Ratajkowski
The Music Lesson, Woman Seated at a Virginal or A Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman by Johannes Vermeer is a painting of a young female pupil receiving a music lesson from a man. The man's mouth is slightly agape giving the impression that he is singing along with the music that the young girl is playing.
Arthur K. Wheelock Jr.
Jan Vermeer
On the far side of a sunlit room with double windows a young woman stands to play on a clavecin. A man in elegant dress watches her and listens intently. Both figures are quiet and statuesque, as though the music were measured and restrained. Indeed, this painting is one of the most refined works in Vermeer's oeuvre. In it, figures, musical instruments, picture, mirror, table, tile patterns, and chairs, however realistically presented, are conceived as patterns of color and shape.
Such abstract design principles are generally associated with the
twentieth century. One cannot approach this work, however, without
realizing that Vermeer calculated his compositional elements every bit
as carefully as did Mondrian (fig. 1).
The pattern of the roof beams, the repetition of black shapes on the
back wall, the position of the table, chairs, and pitcher have all been
painstakingly planned. Minor adjustments in the shapes of objects
clearly testify to the artist's care about the precision of his
composition. The pitcher on the table, for example, once had a thinner
neck. Vermeer also adjusted the shape of the clavecin's lid to improve
the composition. The lid is slightly wider to the right of the girl than
it is to her left, a shift of alignment that lessens the tendency to
visually connect the two halves of the lid design through the girl.
Similar adjustments occur in at least two other paintings from this
period: A Woman Holding a Balance, where he shifted the height of the bottom edge of the picture frame, and The Concert, where he adjusted the contour of the lid of the clavecin as it passes behind the standing woman.
Technical examinations have revealed that Vermeer initially painted
the man slightly closer to the girl and then repainted his form in its
present position. The girl's head also was once turned more toward the
man. Its position was more like that in the mirror than it is now. By
moving the man away and by turning the girl's head back, Vermeer
succeeded in loosening their bond and allowed them to work more
coherently in the total composition.
In this work, Vermeer actually gave us a clue that the scene was
posed. We can vaguely perceive the shape of his easel and perhaps the
artist's box in the mirror (fig. 2).
Vermeer's implied presence thus gives the painting a different
character from those in which the figures seem to exist in their own
personal world. It makes the scene somewhat colder and more calculated.
At the same time, however, it makes us aware of the intellect that went
into its creation. However calculated the composition of this painting,
it could not succeed without Vermeer's sensitive handling of light and
color. Light floods the wall near the windows, but gently looses its
force as it falls away from them. Shadows of objects, such as the
mirror, are modulated because the light comes from different sources.
Colors are also subtly adjusted according to the nature of the light
that falls upon them. The letters of the inscription on the lid of the
clavecin are ocher on the left of the girl but blue on her right.
Similarly, the leading in the rear window is painted in ochers, but that
in the adjacent window, against which the sky is seen, is blue.
The vividness of the scene is also created by the textural effects evident in the painting. Just as Vermeer depicted the tile roofs of the buildings in the View of Delft with different textures of paint, so here he varied his textures when representing a chair, a tablecloth, a reflection in the mirror, or a white porcelain pitcher. The brass studs on the chair, for example, are so thickly painted that they actually protrude from the surface plane. Similarly, the blue fringe of the chair cover has a bumpy texture.
Vermeer painted the table cover with a variety of layers over a basic ocher layer he applied the blues, yellows, reds, and oranges that combine to form the pattern of the design. These colors have been carefully applied, some densely, some thinly, to suggest the nubby character of the material (fig. 3). His technique for painting the pitcher, however, is quite the contrary. In this instance the surface is smooth and few brushstrokes are visible. Finally, when he wanted to depict the veins of the marble on the floor, he used broad, flowing strokes that are remarkably free and abstract.
The one area of this painting that differs in character, that lacks a similar interest in rendering textures, is the man. His figure is painted somewhat more thinly than that of the girl and with less emphasis on the definition of individual folds and materials. One wonders if Vermeer's decision to change the man's position was made sometime after the original execution of the painting, perhaps around 1665, a date that is also appropriate for the man's clothing.
Chess: "Defensa" "Defense" "Fencing" "Femur" "Thighbone" "Fence"
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